Comparative Essay on Uniformitarianism and Catasophism

The Rise of Papacy The rise of the papacy came at a time when the Roman Empire collapsed and there was chaos as it related to the bishops who held office in Rome and what religion would be at the forefront of the representation of the west or east of Rome since its demise. The term â€Å"papacy† (papatus), meant to distinguish the Roman bishop’s office from all bishoprics (episcopatus), and The Head of the Roman Catholic Church the pope is considered the successor of Peter and the vicar of Christ (Elwell, p. 888). The â€Å"pope† is a terms of endearment which means â€Å"father† and this was the title of the most important and influential bishops in the early church. The church at Rome nevertheless enjoyed and wanted to preserve the original†¦show more content†¦He used the income from various estates to pay the barbarians and he gave the churches, hospitals and schools. Pope Gregory I actively intervened in the affairs of other bishops by settling disputes wh ich help elevate the Church of Rome back into the divine order and prestige of Papacy as the ruler of the city Rome. Pope Gregory had a heart of humility because he saw so Barbarian slaves in the Roman market and he sent Augustine Hippo to England to help them from bondage. By him sending Augustine it broke the chains and traditions of most popes in office and this was another way that the Papacy’s authority had increased in power and direct authority over missionaries and their territories. He is counted as one of the Church Fathers like Jerome, Augustine, an Ambrose. He has written books and a Gregorian chant. He is the epitome of what leadership in Rome and abroad looks like. Charlemagne and the Carolingians inherited land that retained some of the attributes of Roman administration, specifically laws and systems of taxation. The Frankish culture was not urban and as a result in the early Middle Ages we see a general decline of urban life. The reign of Charlemagne (742-814) was that of a transition from classical to medieval civilization. Charlemagne ruled the Frankish kingdom from 771-814 which is and was a forty years span because of the European expansion and the growth of people living in this area. His stability had staying power because he

Effect Of Trade Openness On Developing Countries - 1591 Words

2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. DATA In this study, panel data for 25 developing countries is used for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. These countries are listed separately in appendix ‘A’. The World Bank list of developing countries was referred to but data for these three particular years was available for 25 out of 145 countries. All the variables that were used in our model were sourced from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators 2013. The description of variables is given in appendix ‘B’.The descriptive statistics of the variables are presented in appendices ‘C’ and ‘D’. 2.2. FRAMEWORK AND TECHNIQUE We estimate two models in this paper viz. a single equation random effect panel regression model and a two equation instrumental variable panel regression model, both for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. First, we estimate the single equationmodel. The aim of this model is to find out the effect of trade openness directly on poverty in developing countries. The following equation is estimated: p = a + b1 (tra) + b2 (infr) + b3 (edu) + b4 (health) + b5 (gdpcap) + e(1) where, ‘p’ is poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP). The ‘tra’ is the trade opennessmeasured as total trade as percentage of GDP. ‘infr’ is the infrastructure variable which is represented by telephone lines and mobile cellular connections per 100 people. ‘edu’ is the levels of education which is represented by primary completion rate. This indicator is also known as gross intake rate to the last gradeShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Technological And Commercial Effects On Economic Growth1642 Words   |  7 Pages(international) trade which enables exchange and consumption of goods and services which they cannot produce, thereby enjoying variety of goods and services to improve the standard of living of their people. Some of the positive effects International trade (IT) have on economic growth (EG) were pointed out by Smith (1776) and this idea triumphed until World War II. 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Assertiveness Paper Free Essays

Assertive Paper When faced with a dilemma at work or at school the way you handle and voice your opinion is crucial in communicating your level of assertiveness. There is a proper way of being assertive rather than seeming aggressive. It takes practice in order to properly accomplish a comprehension of this technique. We will write a custom essay sample on Assertiveness Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Becoming better at speaking your mind verbally and nonverbally will allow you to interact as a leader amongst your fellow workers and colleagues. I can be an assertive person when the time is right and the surroundings ask for a certain level of assertiveness to be needed. If I am with a group of people and I disagree with someone’s opinion or point of view of a certain issue I will allow myself to speak my mind without attacking what the other person said. The most important part of being assertive to me is not being aggressive towards others when expressing thoughts. An example would be during my senior year in high school when we were placed into groups and had to discuss our opinion on gay marriage. The conversations were at the most very educated until a person bluntly stated that they believed gay people should never get married because it was disgusting. Surely this person was entitled to their opinion but the was they phrased their response was in an aggressive manner towards anyone who believed otherwise. I responded right away without directly referring to that person with the word you rather than spoke my mind using the word I. My opinion was that people should be allowed to do what they think it is best for them no matter what others might think. If their decision is not affecting anyone else then they are entitled to their own actions and decisions as human beings. Once I said that the person became angry in a way but not because I disagreed with them but rather in the way I formed my response they could not say I was directly meaning it towards them. The verbal messages I tend to always give out when being assertive has to be for the most part to seem sure of what I am saying backing it up with support but at the same time not sounding like I am attacking anyone’s ideas or opinions. Beginning my words with I makes people feel less threatened and allows them to also have an opinion. When the situation requires me to give an order I will be serious and communicate what needs to be done. The nonverbal messages that I give off when being assertive is to maintain eye contact with the person. This is really important to me because it lets the other person know you are serious and expect what you are telling them to be understood and also taken into consideration. My body posture when doing so is standing upright without moving around or making a lot of hand movements. I try to keep a steady posture which allows the person to stay focused on my message. What I consider to be doing well while being assertive are speaking with a direct tone to the subject in matter while maintaining eye contact. When beginning my message the first word I tend to use is I in order to stay away from people believing they are being blamed or accused. I refrain from telling people your wrong or that is not the way to do something unless it is required of me to do so in certain situations. The way that works the best when communicating a solution to a problem or an approach is to have a sense with the person that what your are saying is a good way but leaving the window open for them to have an opinion as well. I would like to improve myself in the area of giving speeches in front of people to seem very confident. I am not a bad public speaker but I tend to get nervous when doing so for a long period of time. I have tried practicing in front of the mirror speaking and it works out great but it is not the same as actually being in front of many people. That’s what I need more practice in order to be looked at as very assertive when giving a speech. Assertiveness is a learned trait that we all must be aware of and practice in our everyday lives. This quality will help you all through out school and work. It will also better your relationship with friends and family. Being confident and believing in yourself is an important attribute that must go hand in hand with being assertive. Communicating with proper grammar and adjacent nonverbal cues will allow you to be taken serious and provide a level complete with the perfect balance of a great assertive person. How to cite Assertiveness Paper, Papers

Auditing Plan and Professional Practice †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Plan and Professional Practice. Answer: Audit planning Audit plan is the particular guideline that is required to be followed during the audit procedure. The audit plan helps the auditor to gain sufficient and required information that may used to obtain audit evidences as per the requirement. Further, the audit plan helps the auditor to minimise the costs as well as misunderstanding during the course of audit (Arens et al., 2016). It involves the analysis of the companys financial statements to assess the accuracy of the statements and the level of materiality involved. Effective audit plan is important for focusing on the areas with greater risk and carry out the audit procedures accordingly. Analytical review Analytical review is defined as the process on the basis of the financial ratios of the company to recognize the risk involved areas and materiality. It is one of the financial procedures for audit that assist the auditor to understand the business of the client and changes taken place in that during the year (Kerr, 2013). The analytical review procedure also assists in recognizing the potential risk areas for planning the audit procedures. Preliminary judgement regarding materiality Preliminary estimation for materiality that is also known as the materiality planning is the judgement on financial statement of the company. It is the highest value by which auditor projects that the statement could have been misstated by intentional or unintentional error, fraud or misinterpretation that will not have material impact on the decision of the decision makers (Titera, 2013). However, as materiality is a relative term, it is required for the auditor to establish the bases or levels for judging materiality to judge whether any changes is material or immaterial. First account selected Cash at bank Rational for selection Irrespective of the changes in the amount, the auditor shall give special attention while auditing cash as cash is exposed to the risk of fraud, misstatement and embezzlement (Revinskaya, 2015). Assertion and explanation From the balance sheet of SJC Corp is is recognized that the Cash has been increased by 5,000 over the 9 months period and is expected to increase further by 14,135 for the rest 3 months period. Cash balance is associated with various risks like error or fraud as it is the most liquid form of asset (Makarenko Yardanova, 2015). Recommended audit procedure All the record related to payment and receipt shall be checked properly to ensure that no transactions related to cash is missed. Further, the auditor shall check that all payment vouchers are properly authorised. Further, all the receipts and payment vouchers shall be matched with the payment and receipt register. Finally the cash register shall be reconciled with the bank balance. Second account selected Gross profit Rational for selection The expected gross profit of the company has been reduced by 3.52% instead of increase in expected sales by 0.83%. Further, the expected cost of sales for SJC Corp has been increased by 9.29% that was not in proportion with the increase in sales. Assertion and explanation Gross profit is generally concerned about 2 items, those are revenue and cost of goods sold. Assertions involved with the sales are that it may have been recorded at lower amount and sales of the current period may have been deferred to the next period. Further, the cost of sales as can be seen from the income statement that it is increased by 9.29% whereas the sales are increased by only 0.83%. Therefore, the risk involved there that the cost of goods sold has been recorded at higher amount or cost for previous period has been recorded in the current period (Melikhova Nikolayenko, 2017). Recommended audit procedure All the sales related documents like sales invoices, sales registers receipts for the payment received shall be checked properly. Further, for cash sales the receipt shall be matched with cash register and for for credit sales the sales amount shall be matched with the account receivable. Third account selected Wages Rational for selection Irrespective of the amount involved, the auditor shall focus on wages while auditing as the management has the opportunity of misstating the wage payment through misstatement of the payroll sheets. Assertion and explanation From the income statement of SJC Corp it is recognized that the wages expenses has been reduced by 5,000 or by 9.43%. The possible reason of reduction may be the retirement of some employees during the year. However, it may also be the case that for recording higher (Ruhnke, Pronobis Michel, 2014). Recommended audit procedure All the records related to wages shall be checked to ensure that the employees who were in active engagements are only paid and no fictitious payment has been included. Further, the payroll data shall be matched with the salary entitlement sheet to ensure that the employees are not overpaid or underpaid. Moreover, the payment shall be matched with the days present register to ensure that the employees are not paid for the days on which they have not worked or have not paid for the days worked. Fourth account selected Depreciation on motor vehicle Rational for selection Depreciation on motor vehicle has been increased by 27.04% through there were no addition in the amount of motor vehicle. The amount of motor vehicle was 66,000 for both the year. However, the amount of depreciation has been increased from 21,000 to 26,678. Assertion and explanation Generally, the depreciation expenses are reduced over the times until some new additions have been made to the asset during the year. It can be observed from the balance sheet of SJC Corp that though no additions have been made to motor vehicle, the depreciation is increased by 5,678. The reason may be that the company has changed its depreciation method or they charge depreciation on the asset which is not yet ready to be used (Eilifsen Messier Jr, 2014). Recommended audit procedure The details regarding the motor vehicle that is the purchase date, purchase price, useful life and expected salvage value of the asset shall be checked. Further, the method of depreciation applied on the asset shall be matched with the depreciation amount and the auditor must ensure that the method is consistently applied all over the year. If the method of charging depreciation on motor vehicle has been changed from weighted average method to diminishing balance method or from diminishing balance method to weighted average method then the auditor shall check for the disclosure notes. Fifth account selected Inventory Rational for selection For any kind of business, inventory is the major component. Therefore, inventory shall be checked with more cautions as the inventory can be subjected to fraud, error or misstatement (Legoria, Melendrez Reynolds, 2013). Assertion and explanation Expected inventory of the company has been increased by 17.77%. It is expected to be increased to 204,919 from 174,000 over the one year period from 2015 to 2016. Therefore, chances are there that the inventory has been misstated. Recommended procedure The inventory shall be matched with the cost of goods sold and with the opening and closing stock. Further, the method of calculating the inventory shall be checked with the amount. The auditor shall also check that the valuation method of inventory is consistently applied for all the inventories throughout the year. Further, the purchase cost and sales price of every item from inventory shall be matched with the inventory register. References Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. S., Hogan, C. E. (2016).Auditing and assurance services. Pearson. Eilifsen, A., Messier Jr, W. F. (2014). Materiality guidance of the major public accounting firms.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(2), 3-26. Kerr, D. S. (2013). Fraud-risk factors and audit planning: The effects of auditor rank.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,5(2), 48-76. Legoria, J., Melendrez, K. D., Reynolds, J. K. (2013). Qualitative audit materiality and earnings management.Review of Accounting Studies,18(2), 414-442. Makarenko, A. P., Yardanova, T. H. (2015). Development of a program of inventory audit.Naukovi pratsi Poltavskoyi derzhavnoyi ahrarnoyi akademiyi,2(11), 40-48. Melikhova, T. O., Nikolayenko, N. S. (2017). Development of an inventory audit program to increase financial security of the enterprise.Ekonomika ta derzhava,1, 51-55. Revinskaya, L. Y. (2015). Features of the organization of cash flows in metallurgical holdings, Audit Fin. Ruhnke, K., Pronobis, P., Michel, M. (2014). Audit materiality disclosures and credit lending decisions. Titera, W. R. (2013). Updating audit standardEnabling audit data analysis.Journal of Information Systems,27(1), 325-331.